VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

Okay.

Now I will explain you about vocabulary around the house. 

Let's check this out

Things in a Living Room
• arm chair
• bookcase
• chairs
• coffee table
• fan
• foot rest
• heater
• lounge, sofa, couch
• magazine rack
• recliner
• sound system
• table
• telephone, phone
• television stand
• television, TV

 Things in a Kitchen
• bench
• cupboard
• dishwasher
• microwave
• oven, cooker
• pantry
• refrigerator, fridge
• sink
• stove, cook top
• taps

PASSIVE VOICE

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

AGENT
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Pattern: be + past participle
Example:

- The boy are listening to a story.
The story was being told by grandfather.

- Snow white eats a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is eaten by snow white

- Snow white is eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is being eaten by snow white

- Snow white has eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple has been eaten by snow white

- Snow white ate a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was eaten by snow white

- Snow white was eating a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple was being eaten by snow white

- Snow white had eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple had been eaten by snow white

- Snow white will eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will be eaten by snow white

- Snow white is going to eat a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple is going to be eaten by snow white

- Snow white will have eaten a poisonous apple
A poisonous apple will have been eaten by snow white

PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND IT

Preposition of Time : at, in, on

We use :

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

at	in	on
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

• I have a meeting at 11am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In London, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Mars in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Wednesday?
• Her birthday is on 17 May.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression	Example
at night	The Moon shine at night.
at the weekend	I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter	I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time	We finished the test at the same time.
at present	He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
 

in	on
in the morning	on Sunday morning
in the mornings	on Friday mornings
in the afternoon(s)	on Saturday afternoons
in the evening(s)	on Thursday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to London last May. (not in last May)
• He's coming back next week. (not on next Week)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this Afternoon. (not in this Afternoon)

Preposition of Place : at, in, on

In general, we use :

• at for a POINT
• in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
• on for a SURFACE

at	in	on
POINT	ENCLOSED SPACE	SURFACE
at the corner	in the park	on the wall
at the bus stop	in Manchester	on the ceiling
at the door	in Germany	on the door
at the top of the page	in a basket	on the cover
at the end of the road	in my pocket	on the floor
at the entrance	in my wallet	on the carpet
at the crossroads	in a building	on the menu
at the front desk	in a car	on a page

Look at these examples:

• Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
• The shop is at the end of the street.
• My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
• When will you arrive at the office?
• Do you work in an office?
• I have a meeting in New York.
• Do you live in Japan?
• Jupiter is in the Solar System.
• The author's name is on the cover of the book.
• There are no prices on this menu.
• You are standing on my foot.
• There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
• I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.

Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:

at	in	on
at home	in a car	on a bus
at work	in a taxi	on a train
at school	in a helicopter	on a plane
at university	in a car	on a ship
at college	in a lift (elevator)	on a bicycle, on a motorbike
at the top	in the newspaper	on a horse, on an elephant
at the bottom	in the sky	on the radio, on television
at the side	in a row	on the left, on the right
at reception	in Oxford Street	on the way

SIMPLE FUTURE

 

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

 

 

 

FORM Will

[will + verb]

Examples:

• You will help him later.
• Will you help him later?
• You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

• You are going to meet Jane tonight.
• Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
• You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

Complete List of Simple Future Forms

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

• I will send you the information when I get it.
• I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
• Will you help me move this heavy table?
• Will you make dinner?
• I will not do your homework for you.
• I won't do all the housework myself!
• A: I'm really hungry.
• B: I'll make some sandwiches.
• A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
• B: I'll get you some coffee.
• A: The phone is ringing.
• B: I'll get it.
  

SURPRISE AND DISBELIEF

 

DEFINITION SURPRISE AND DISBELIEF 

A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something that we cant or impossible.

NEUTRAL	INFORMAL	FORMAL
That’s very surprising. Really? Here? Is she? That is a surprise. What a surprise. Good heavens. That’s amazing/extraordinary. My goodness.	What? No! I don’t believe it! Are you serious? Well, I never! Oh, no! Fantastic! You don’t say. Who’d have thought it? Fancy that. You’re kidding.	I find that very surprising. I must say it surprises me. I find it extraordinary. Indeed? How very surprising. I must say it surprises me.

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past form

Modals
present	Past
can	could
will	would
shall	should
may	might

1. Could + Verb base

to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example:

Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.

Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example:

Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.

But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?

Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river

to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?

Could you lend me your jacket now?

Could you please close the door?

Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base

for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example:

When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example:

Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?

Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

to express polite requests

Example:

Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?

Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem

to give definite advice (advisability)

OFFERING

OFFERING TO OLDER PEOPLE:

• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
• Would you care for some salad?

OFFERING TO FRIENDS:

• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?
  

NOUN PHRASES

WHAT IS NOUN?

Noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun

SEE THE NOUN EXAMPLES:

• Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
• Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
• Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
• Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
• Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship

   

The Functions of Nouns in Sentences

    1. Subject of the sentence.

    2. Predicate Noun.

    (also Predicate     Nominative or Subjective     Complement)

    3. Appositive (noun in apposition)

    4. Direct object of a verb.

    5. Indirect object of a verb.

    6. Object of the preposition.

    7. Object Complement.

    (Objective Complement)

NEWS ITEM

    Is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

SOCIAL FUNCTION OF NEWS ITEM IS: 

to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

GENERIC STRUCTURE:

• Newsworthy Event(s):  recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s):  elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources:  comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.

INTODUCTORY IT

A :     To understand this lesson is easy.

B :     It    is easy to understand this lesson.

• In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
• A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand.   

EXAMPLE OF INTRODUCTORY “IT” :

• To watch musical programs is pleasant.
• It is pleasant to watch musical program.

• To play football must be fun.
• It is fun to play football.

• It is easy to make a blog.
• To make a blog is easy.
  

FINITE AND NON-FINITE FERB

Finite Verbs

A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural).

For example:-
I live in Germay. (I is the subject - live describes what the subject does - live is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verbs

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

For example:-
I travelled to Germany to improve my German. (To improve is in the infinitive form).

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

TENSE CHANGE

• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. 
  
  
• Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are

:Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind.