SURPRISE AND DISBELIEF

 

DEFINITION SURPRISE AND DISBELIEF 

A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something that we cant or impossible.

NEUTRAL	INFORMAL	FORMAL
That’s very surprising. Really? Here? Is she? That is a surprise. What a surprise. Good heavens. That’s amazing/extraordinary. My goodness.	What? No! I don’t believe it! Are you serious? Well, I never! Oh, no! Fantastic! You don’t say. Who’d have thought it? Fancy that. You’re kidding.	I find that very surprising. I must say it surprises me. I find it extraordinary. Indeed? How very surprising. I must say it surprises me.

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past form

Modals
present	Past
can	could
will	would
shall	should
may	might

1. Could + Verb base

to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example:

Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.

Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example:

Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.

But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?

Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river

to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?

Could you lend me your jacket now?

Could you please close the door?

Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base

for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example:

When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example:

Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?

Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

to express polite requests

Example:

Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?

Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem

to give definite advice (advisability)

OFFERING

OFFERING TO OLDER PEOPLE:

• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
• Would you care for some salad?

OFFERING TO FRIENDS:

• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?
  

NOUN PHRASES

WHAT IS NOUN?

Noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun

SEE THE NOUN EXAMPLES:

• Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
• Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
• Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
• Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
• Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship

   

The Functions of Nouns in Sentences

    1. Subject of the sentence.

    2. Predicate Noun.

    (also Predicate     Nominative or Subjective     Complement)

    3. Appositive (noun in apposition)

    4. Direct object of a verb.

    5. Indirect object of a verb.

    6. Object of the preposition.

    7. Object Complement.

    (Objective Complement)

NEWS ITEM

    Is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

SOCIAL FUNCTION OF NEWS ITEM IS: 

to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

GENERIC STRUCTURE:

• Newsworthy Event(s):  recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s):  elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources:  comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.

INTODUCTORY IT

A :     To understand this lesson is easy.

B :     It    is easy to understand this lesson.

• In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
• A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand.   

EXAMPLE OF INTRODUCTORY “IT” :

• To watch musical programs is pleasant.
• It is pleasant to watch musical program.

• To play football must be fun.
• It is fun to play football.

• It is easy to make a blog.
• To make a blog is easy.
  

FINITE AND NON-FINITE FERB

Finite Verbs

A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural).

For example:-
I live in Germay. (I is the subject - live describes what the subject does - live is a finite verb).

Non-Finite Verbs

A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

For example:-
I travelled to Germany to improve my German. (To improve is in the infinitive form).

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

TENSE CHANGE

• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. 
  
  
• Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are

:Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind.